Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938)

Sir Muhammad Iqbal, also known as Allama Iqbal, was a British Indian philosopher, poet, and politician who was born on November 9, 1877, and died on April 21, 1938. He is regarded as one of the most important figures in Urdu literature, having written in both Urdu and Persian. He was also referred to as a modern Muslim philosophical thinker. Shair-e-Mushriq, or Poet of the East, is another name for Iqbal. He is also known as Muffakir-e-Pakistan ("Pakistan's Inceptor") and Hakeem-ul-Ummat ("The Sage of the Ummah"). In Iran and Afghanistan, he is known as Iqbal-e Lhor, or Iqbal of Lahore, and is best known for his Persian work.He had been designated as Pakistan's "national poet" by the government. He has a variety of literary and narrative works. His first poetry collection, Asrar-e-Khudi, was published in Persian in 1915, and he also wrote Rumuz-i-Bekhudi, Payam-i-Mashriq, and Zabur-i-Ajam. Among his most well-known Urdu works are Bang-i-Dara, Bal-i-Jibril, Zarb-i Kalim, Armughan-e-Hijaz, and Pas che bayad kard. He gave a series of lectures in various educational institutions, which were later published as "the Reconstruction of Islamic Religious Thoughts in Islam" by Oxford Press. Sir Thomas Arnold, Iqbal's philosophy teacher at Government College Lahore, influenced him. Arnold's teachings inspired Iqbal to pursue higher education in the West.He went to England for his higher education in 1905. Iqbal was awarded a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1906. That same year, he was called to the bar as a barrister from Lincoln's Inn. Iqbal moved to Germany in 1907 to pursue a doctorate, and he received his PhD from Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich in 1908. Iqbal's doctoral thesis, The Development of Metaphysics in Persia, was published in 1908 under the supervision of Friedrich Hommel. Iqbal began writing poetry in Persian while studying in Europe. He prioritised it because he believed he had discovered an easy way to express himself.Throughout his life, he wrote exclusively in Persian. Iqbal began his career as a reader of Arabic at Oriental College after completing his Master of Arts degree in 1899, and was soon appointed as a junior professor of philosophy at Government College Lahore, where he had also been a stundent; Iqbal worked there until he left for England in 1905. Iqbal returned from England in 1908 and returned to the same college as a professor of philosophy and English literature. At the same time, Iqbal began practising law at the Chief Court of Lahore, but he soon quit and devoted himself to literary works, becoming an active member of Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam.. He was appointed general secretary of the same organisation in 1919. Iqbal's ideas in his work are primarily concerned with the spiritual direction and development of human society, and are based on his travels and stays in Western Europe and the Middle East. Western philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, Henri Bergson, and Goethe had a profound influence on him.

Alama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938)

Mawlana Rumi's poetry and philosophy had the greatest impact on Iqbal's mind. Iqbal, who had been deeply rooted in religion since childhood, began intensely concentrating on the study of Islam, the culture and history of Islamic civilization, and its political future, with Rumi as his guide.

Iqbal played a significant role in the Muslim political movement. Iqbal remained involved in the Muslim League. He opposed Indian participation in World War I, as well as the Khilafat movement, and maintained close ties with Muslim political figures such as Maulana Mohammad Ali and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a critic of the mainstream Indian National Congress, which he saw as being dominated by Hindus, and he was dissatisfied with the League when, during the 1920s, it was split into two factions: pro-British led by Sir Muhammad Shafi and centrist led by Jinnah.

Ideologically opposed to Congress Muslim leaders, Iqbal was also disillusioned with Muslim League politicians as a result of the League's factional conflict in the 1920s. Dissatisfied with factional leaders such as Sir Muhammad Shafi and Sir Fazl-ur-Rahman, Iqbal came to believe that only Muhammad Ali Jinnah was capable of preserving unity and achieving the League's goals of Muslim political empowerment. Iqbal, who maintained a strong personal correspondence with Jinnah, was a powerful force in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London, return to India, and take command of the League. Iqbal was convinced that Jinnah was the only leader capable of attracting Indian Muslims to the League and preserving party unity in the face of the British and the Congress:

"I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind, and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state," Iqbal said in his presidential address on December 29, 1930. Self-government within or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated Northwest Indian Muslim state appears to be, at least in Northwest India.

Iqbal was the first patron of Muslims of British India, a historical, political, religious, and cultural journal. This journal was critical to the Pakistan movement. The journal's name is The Journal Tolu-e-Islam.

In addition to his Urdu and Persian literary works, Iqbal wrote two books on the subject of The Development of Metaphysics in Persia and The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, as well as many letters in English. In which he revealed his thoughts on Persian ideology and Islamic Sufism, specifically his belief that Islamic Sufism activates the searching soul to a higher perception of life. He also spoke about philosophy, God and the meaning of prayer, the human spirit and Muslim culture, and other political, social, and religious issues.

Iqbal's views on the Western world were applauded by men including United States Supreme Court Associate Justice William O. Douglas, who said that Iqbal's beliefs had "universal appeal". In his Soviet biography, N. P. Anikoy wrote, "(Iqbal is) great for his passionate condemnation of weak will and passiveness, his angry protest against inequality, discrimination, and oppression in all forms i.e., economic, social, political, national, racial, religious, etc., his preaching of optimism, an active attitude towards life, and man's high purpose in the world, in a word, he is great for his assertion of the noble ideals

Iqbal died on April 21, 1938, from a severe throat infection that lasted for a long time. He will be remembered for a long time.

Sabza e noorasta is ghar ki nigeh baani kare Aasmaan teri lahad per shabnam afshaani kare.